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Technical chemical guides, safety references, product comparisons and industry insights from the Alliance Chemical team.
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Nigari is the Japanese name for the bittern left after salt crystallizes from seawater; its main coagulating salt is magnesium chloride. To make tofu at home, cook soy milk, cool it to...
Flash rust after a phosphoric acid dip is bare steel drying too slowly. The cause, the soda ash vs baking soda math, hot rinse and fast drying, painting over flash rust, and...
The acid test for gold rubs the item on a black touchstone and puts a drop of nitric acid on the streak. Base metals fizz and turn green as they dissolve; karat...
Aluminum sulfate turns bigleaf and mountain hydrangeas blue by acidifying the soil and supplying aluminum ions, which the plant moves into its sepals to form a blue pigment complex. Extension services recommend...
Liquid soap is made with potassium hydroxide (KOH), not sodium hydroxide, because potassium soaps dissolve in water. You cook oils with a KOH solution into a thick paste, test it for clarity,...
A DIY windshield de-icer is a spray of isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol and water. The alcohol lowers the freezing point of water, so frost turns to liquid on contact. Two parts 70% rubbing...
Hexane (C6H14, CAS 110-54-3) is a colorless, highly volatile, nonpolar hydrocarbon solvent refined from crude oil. It boils at about 69 °C and has a flash point of −22 °C. Its biggest use is...
Piranha solution is a freshly made mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and 30% hydrogen peroxide, usually 3:1 and sometimes up to 7:1, used to strip organic residue from silicon wafers and glassware...
Yes, 3% hydrogen peroxide removes blood stains from white and colorfast fabrics. Rinse the stain with cold water first, because hot water cooks the protein into the fibers. Then apply a few...
Use distilled water in a humidifier, especially an ultrasonic or impeller (cool-mist) model. The US EPA says to use low-mineral water such as distilled; it rates deionization and reverse osmosis as removing...
Sulfites are salts of sulfurous acid, such as sodium metabisulfite (Na₂S₂O₅), that release sulfur dioxide (SO₂) in acidic food and wine. Wine labels say “Contains sulfites” because a 1987 US rule requires...
Lead-acid batteries die in winter for two reasons: cold cuts the capacity they can deliver, and a partly discharged battery can freeze. Trojan Battery rates a deep-cycle battery at about 50% of...
Not reliably. Baking soda and vinegar react with each other, not with the clog: the fizz is the two cancelling out into sodium acetate, water and carbon dioxide gas, and what is...
Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is hydrogen fluoride dissolved in water. It is a weak acid (pKa 3.17), yet it is one of the most dangerous acids in industrial use. Because so little of...
Chloramine gas is the toxic vapor that forms when bleach (sodium hypochlorite) and ammonia are mixed. Never mix them. The bleach reacts with ammonia to form monochloramine (NH2Cl) plus sodium hydroxide: NaOCl...
Isopropyl alcohol (propan-2-ol, CAS 67-63-0) does not spoil. Sealed in its original container it is chemically stable for years. The expiration date on a drugstore bottle of rubbing alcohol exists because that...
Methanol (CH3OH, CAS 67-56-1) burns with a weak, pale blue flame that is nearly invisible to the naked eye in daylight. Hydrocarbon fuels burn yellow because their flames make soot, tiny carbon...
New Orleans gets all of its drinking water from the Mississippi River, which drains 41% of the lower 48 states. The Sewerage and Water Board of New Orleans (SWBNO) cleans it up...
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